Reference Charts & Conversion Tables

CALCULATOR

Reference charts and conversion tables

Quick-reference lookup tables that pair with the Formula Factory calculators. Find the value you need at a glance — wire gauges, tap and drill sizes, hardness scales, material densities, tire conversions, torque specs and more — then jump to the matching calculator when you need to crunch your own numbers. Every chart is free, mobile-friendly, and printable.

Reference Charts and Tables

Engineering

Fasteners

Manufacturing

Structural

Electrical

📐 Machining 51

1018 Steel Machining Data1018 is a low-carbon steel that machines predictably and welds well. In the annealed state it can be a little […]1045 Steel Machining Data1045 is a medium-carbon steel, harder and stronger than 1018 and commonly used for shafts and gears. Run it a […]17-4 Stainless Machining Data17-4 PH is a precipitation-hardening stainless combining stainless corrosion resistance with high strength. Machine it in condition A (solution annealed) […]2024 Aluminum Machining Data2024 is a copper-bearing aerospace aluminum, strong and fatigue resistant. It machines much like 6061 and 7075 — fast surface […]304 Stainless Machining Data304 is the most common austenitic stainless: corrosion resistant, tough, and gummy. It work-hardens fast, so the golden rules are […]316 Stainless Machining Data316 is a molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless with better corrosion resistance than 304 — and slightly worse machinability. It is gummier […]4140 Steel Machining Data4140 is a chromium-molybdenum alloy steel valued for strength and toughness. Machine it in the annealed or pre-hardened (HT) condition; […]6061 Aluminum Machining Data6061 (usually 6061-T6) is the workhorse general-purpose aluminum: light, corrosion resistant, weldable, and one of the easiest metals to machine. […]7075 Aluminum Machining Data7075 is a high-strength aerospace aluminum, stronger than 6061 but still very machinable. Treat it like 6061 with a slightly […]A2 Tool Steel Machining DataA2 is an air-hardening cold-work tool steel, prized for good wear resistance with low distortion in heat treat. Machine it […]A36 Steel Machining DataA36 is structural hot-rolled steel sold by mechanical spec rather than exact chemistry, so machinability varies from bar to bar. […]Brass Machining DataFree-machining brass (C360) is the benchmark for easy machining — it cuts cleanly at high speed with short chips and […]Copper Machining DataPure copper (C110) is soft, ductile, and gummy — the opposite of brass to cut. It smears and forms built-up […]Corner Radius ChartA corner radius on an end mill replaces the sharp 90-degree corner with a small curve. Tiny radii strengthen the […]Cutting Speeds for AluminumAluminum alloys like 6061 and 7075 machine fast and clean. The limiting factor is usually chip evacuation and built-up edge, […]Cutting Speeds for BrassFree-machining brass like C360 is one of the easiest metals to cut. It produces short, clean chips and tolerates high […]Cutting Speeds for Stainless SteelAustenitic stainless (304, 316) work-hardens quickly, so the rules are: run slower, never let the tool dwell, and always take […]Cutting Speeds for SteelThese speeds suit mild and low-carbon steels such as 1018 and A36. Drop toward the low end for tougher alloy […]Cutting Speeds for TitaniumTitanium alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V are strong, low in thermal conductivity, and chemically reactive, so heat concentrates at the cutting […]D2 Tool Steel Machining DataD2 is a high-carbon, high-chromium cold-work tool steel with excellent wear resistance. The chromium carbides that give it that wear […]Delrin Machining DataDelrin (acetal / POM) machines like a soft metal: low cutting force, clean chips, and tight tolerances. The main risk […]End Mill Diameter ChartStandard end mill diameters in fractional inch and metric, with decimal and millimeter equivalents. Use it to match a cutter […]End Mill Selection ChartPicking an end mill comes down to three choices: how many flutes, what shape, and which coating. Match those to […]Feeds and Speeds ChartUse this chart as a starting point for setting spindle speed and feed rate on a mill. Pick a cutting […]G-Code Cheat SheetA quick reference to the G-codes and M-codes you use most. G-codes control geometry and motion; M-codes control machine functions […]G00 Command (Rapid Positioning)G00 moves the tool to a position at the machine maximum traverse rate. It is a positioning move, not a […]G01 Command (Linear Feed)G01 cuts a straight line to the target point at a programmed feed rate. It is the most-used motion command […]G02 Command (Clockwise Arc)G02 cuts a circular arc in the clockwise direction at the programmed feed rate. The arc is defined either by […]G03 Command (Counterclockwise Arc)G03 cuts a circular arc counterclockwise. It works exactly like G02 but in the opposite rotation, using the same center-offset […]G17 G18 G19 Plane SelectionThese codes set the working plane for circular interpolation (G02/G03) and cutter compensation. They tell the control which two axes […]G20 G21 UnitsG20 and G21 set the measurement units for the whole program. Getting this wrong is one of the most dangerous […]G28 Command (Return to Home)G28 sends the machine axes back to their home (reference) position, usually by way of an intermediate point you specify. […]G40 G41 G42 Cutter CompensationCutter compensation offsets the tool from the programmed path by its radius, so you can program the finished part edge […]G43 Tool Length CompensationG43 applies a tool length offset so Z moves reference the part surface instead of the spindle face. Each tool […]G54-G59 Work OffsetsThe G54 through G59 codes select work coordinate systems — the stored part zeros that tell the machine where the […]G81 Drilling CycleG81 is the simplest canned drilling cycle: rapid to the hole, feed straight to depth, then rapid retract. It repeats […]G83 Peck Drilling CycleG83 drills deep holes in steps (pecks), fully retracting between pecks to clear chips. Use it whenever a hole is […]G84 Tapping CycleG84 is the canned cycle for tapping threads: it feeds to depth in time with the spindle, reverses the spindle, […]G90 vs G91 (Absolute vs Incremental)G90 and G91 set how coordinates are read. In absolute mode every position is measured from part zero; in incremental […]G94 Feed Per MinuteG94 sets the feed-rate mode to units per minute, so an F value is read as inches (or millimeters) per […]Insert Geometry ChartTurning inserts are named by a standard code, and the first letter is the shape. Shape sets the balance between […]M-Code ReferenceM-codes (miscellaneous or machine codes) control machine functions rather than motion: the spindle, coolant, tool changer, and program flow. Exact […]M03 Spindle On (Clockwise)M03 starts the spindle turning clockwise at the speed set by the S word. Clockwise is the normal cutting direction […]M05 Spindle StopM05 stops spindle rotation. It is called before tool changes, before retracting out of a part by hand, and as […]M08 Coolant OnM08 turns on flood coolant. It is called once the tool is about to cut and switched off with M09 […]Material Machinability ChartMachinability describes how easily a material cuts — the speed it tolerates, the finish it gives, and how hard it […]Recommended Chip LoadsChip load is the thickness of material each flute removes, measured in inches per tooth. It is the foundation of […]Thread Dimensions ChartThe defining dimensions of a thread are its major diameter (the nominal size), its pitch (TPI for inch threads, millimeters […]Titanium Machining DataTi-6Al-4V is strong and light but holds heat at the cutting edge because it conducts heat poorly. Run low surface […]Tool Coating ComparisonCutting tool coatings add hardness, heat resistance, and lubricity so a tool runs faster and lasts longer. The right coating […]Tool Life Comparison ChartCutting tool materials trade toughness for hardness and heat resistance. Tougher materials survive interrupted cuts; harder ones run faster and […]

📐 Structural & Flow 19

📐 Auto 16

Battery Group Size ChartBCI group size describes a car battery physical dimensions and terminal layout — not its power. A replacement must match […]Battery Voltage ChartA 12-volt car battery resting voltage is the quickest read on its state of charge. Measure with the engine off […]Bulb Size ChartAutomotive bulbs are identified by trade-number sizes. The same vehicle often uses several. This chart maps common functions to the […]Coolant Mixture ChartEngine coolant is a blend of antifreeze (ethylene glycol) and water. The ratio sets how cold it can get before […]Fluid Capacity ChartA quick reference for the typical capacities of the fluids in a passenger vehicle or light truck. These are ranges […]Ford Maverick SpecificationsThe Ford Maverick is a compact unibody pickup built around fuel economy and everyday usability, with a standard hybrid powertrain […]Ford Ranger SpecificationsThe Ford Ranger is a midsize pickup that slots between the compact Maverick and the full-size F-150, offering more towing […]Fuse Size ChartAutomotive blade fuses follow a universal color code by amperage, so you can identify a rating at a glance. This […]Lug Nut Torque ChartHome » Reference Charts & Conversion TablesCALCULATOR Lug nut torque chart General lug nut torque values by wheel stud size […]OBD-II Code ReferenceAn OBD-II trouble code is the five-character label a vehicle stores when it detects a fault. Reading the code with […]Oil Capacity ChartEngine oil capacity depends mostly on engine size and configuration. Use this chart as a ballpark for buying oil; the […]Oil Viscosity ChartOil viscosity grades like 5W-30 describe how the oil flows cold and hot. The W number is the cold (winter) […]Spark Plug Gap ChartThe spark plug gap is the distance the spark jumps across the electrode. Too small and the spark is weak; […]Tire Size Conversion ChartHome » Reference Charts & Conversion TablesCALCULATOR Tire size conversion chart Popular metric tire sizes decoded into overall diameter, section […]Transmission Gear Ratio ChartGear ratios set how engine speed translates to wheel speed. A high first gear multiplies torque for launch; a low […]Wheel Bolt Pattern ChartA bolt pattern (or PCD, pitch circle diameter) is the number of lug holes and the diameter of the circle […]

📐 Civil Engineering 12

2×4 Actual DimensionsA 2×4 does not actually measure 2 by 4 inches. A standard 2×4 is 1.5 inches by 3.5 inches. The […]Beam Span ChartBuilt-up beams (multiple 2x boards nailed together) carry loads across openings. These are rough maximum spans for a beam supporting […]Concrete Cure TimesConcrete gains strength gradually after pouring. Knowing the milestones tells you when you can remove forms, walk on it, and […]Deck Footing ChartFooting size depends on how much deck area each post carries (its tributary area) and the soil. This chart gives […]Drywall Sizes ChartDrywall (gypsum board) comes in several thicknesses for different jobs. This chart shows each thickness and where it is used, […]Fence Post Spacing ChartPost spacing is usually set by the panel or rail length of your fence type. This chart gives the typical […]Header Span ChartA header carries the load above a door or window opening. This chart gives typical maximum opening widths for doubled […]Joist Span ChartFloor joist spans depend on lumber size, spacing, species, and load. These are typical maximum spans for No. 2 grade […]Lumber Dimensions ChartLumber is sold by its nominal size, but the actual milled dimensions are smaller. A “2×4” is really 1.5 by […]Plywood Sizes ChartLike dimensional lumber, plywood runs slightly under its nominal thickness — about 1/32 inch thinner. Sheets come in a standard […]Rebar Size ChartRebar reinforces concrete in tension. Bar sizes are numbered in eighths of an inch — a #4 bar is 4/8, […]Tile Spacing ChartGrout line width depends on the tile type and look you want. This chart gives the typical spacing (and so […]

📐 Manufacturing 12

📐 Fasteners 12

📐 Geometry 10

📐 Materials 10

📐 Engineering 10

AWG Wire Gauge ChartHome » Reference Charts & Conversion TablesCALCULATOR AWG wire gauge chart American Wire Gauge (AWG) sizes for solid copper wire […]Common Engineering Constants ChartHome » Reference Charts & Conversion TablesCALCULATOR Common engineering constants Frequently used physical constants and unit conversions for engineering calculations, […]Drill Size ChartHome » Reference Charts & Conversion TablesCALCULATOR Drill size chart Decimal-inch and millimeter equivalents for fractional, number, and letter drill […]Hardness Conversion ChartHome » Reference Charts & Conversion TablesCALCULATOR Hardness conversion chart Approximate hardness conversions for steel between the Rockwell C, Brinell, […]Material Density ChartHome » Reference Charts & Conversion TablesCALCULATOR Material density chart Densities of common metals, woods, plastics, and building materials in […]Modulus of Elasticity ChartThe modulus of elasticity (Young modulus) measures a material stiffness: how much it resists elastic deflection under load. This chart […]Specific Heat ChartSpecific heat is the energy needed to raise one kilogram of a material by one degree. It governs how fast […]Tap Drill ChartHome » Reference Charts & Conversion TablesCALCULATOR Tap drill chart Tap drill sizes for cutting internal threads, sized for roughly […]Thermal Expansion ChartThe coefficient of thermal expansion tells you how much a material grows per degree of temperature rise. This chart lists […]Yield Strength ChartHome » Reference Charts & Conversion TablesCALCULATOR Yield strength chart Typical yield and ultimate tensile strength for common engineering metals […]

🧁 Baking 10

Baking Pan Size ChartWhen you need to swap a pan, what matters is volume — matching the capacity keeps batter depth and bake […]Bread Hydration ChartHydration — water as a percentage of flour weight — shapes a bread crumb and how the dough handles. This […]Egg Size ChartEgg size matters in baking, where ratios are precise. Recipes almost always assume large eggs — this chart shows the […]Flour Conversion ChartDifferent flours pack differently, so their cup-to-gram weight varies. This chart lists the weight of one cup of each common […]Flour Protein ComparisonThe protein content of flour determines how much gluten it can form, and that decides texture. More protein gives chew […]Grams to Cups ChartCup measures are easy but inconsistent — a cup of flour and a cup of honey weigh very differently. This […]Ingredient Weight ChartFor bakers working by weight, this chart lists how much one cup of common ingredients weighs in both grams and […]Pizza Dough Hydration ChartPizza style is largely a hydration story. The water percentage sets how thin you can stretch the dough and how […]Sugar Conversion ChartSugars vary in weight by type, so a cup of one is not a cup of another. This chart gives […]Yeast Conversion ChartRecipes call for active dry, instant (rapid-rise), or fresh (cake) yeast, and they are not interchangeable one-for-one. Use this chart […]

📐 Math Tables 10

📏 Conversions 9

⚡ Electrical 5

Breaker Size ChartA breaker protects the wire, so breaker and wire size go together. This chart pairs common household circuits with their […]Conduit Fill ChartConduit can only be filled to 40% with three or more conductors, to allow heat dissipation and pulling. This chart […]Electrical Box Fill ChartElectrical boxes have a volume limit so wires are not crammed in. Each conductor counts for a set volume; add […]Voltage Drop ChartOn long wire runs, voltage drops along the way and can starve a circuit. The accepted limit is about 3% […]Wire Ampacity ChartAmpacity is the current a wire can safely carry. This chart shows copper wire at the 60°C rating common in […]

📐 Technique & Food Science 4

Common Baking SubstitutionsBaking around an allergy or diet? These swaps replace the common problem ingredients — gluten, dairy, eggs, and refined sugar […]Herb Conversion ChartFresh and dried herbs are not interchangeable one-for-one — drying concentrates flavor. The rule of thumb is three parts fresh […]Ingredient Substitution ChartOut of an ingredient mid-recipe? These reliable swaps use what is usually already in the kitchen. Quantities are per the […]Spice Conversion ChartWhole spices keep their flavor far longer than ground, but recipes often call for one when you have the other. […]

⏲ Cooking Times & Ratios 4

Meat Doneness ChartDoneness for beef and lamb is all about internal temperature. Pull the meat a few degrees early and let carryover […]Oven Temperature ChartRecipes from different countries use Fahrenheit, Celsius, or British gas marks. This chart converts between all three, with the common […]Rice Cooking ChartDifferent rices need different water ratios and times. This chart covers the common varieties for stovetop cooking. One cup of […]Safe Cooking Temperature ChartCooking food to a safe internal temperature is what kills harmful bacteria — color and time are not reliable. These […]

📐 Kitchen & Tools 3

Butter Conversion ChartUS recipes call for butter in sticks, others in cups, tablespoons, grams, or ounces. This chart lines them all up […]Freezer Storage ChartFood stays safe indefinitely at 0°F, but quality fades over time. These are the windows for best flavor and texture […]Kitchen Measurement ChartA quick reference for the volume measures every cook needs — how teaspoons, tablespoons, cups, and the rest relate, with […]

📐 Algebra 1

Algebra Cheat SheetA one-page algebra reference: order of operations, exponent and radical rules, factoring patterns, the quadratic formula, line equations, and logarithm […]

📐 Coffee 1

Coffee to Water Ratio ChartHome » Reference Charts & Conversion TablesCALCULATOR Coffee to water ratio chart Coffee-to-water ratios for every brew method, with grams […]

📐 HVAC 1

Insulation R-Value ChartR-value measures resistance to heat flow — higher is better. This chart gives the R-value per inch for common insulation […]

📐 Recipe & Servings 1

Pasta Portion ChartHow much dry pasta per person depends on the shape and whether it is a side or a main. These […]

📐 Material & Weight 1

Roofing Material Weight ChartRoofing is weighed by the “square” — the material to cover 100 square feet. Weight matters because the roof structure […]

What these charts cover

This library collects the conversion tables, size charts and property references our calculators use under the hood, published as standalone pages you can bookmark. That includes engineering references like AWG wire gauge, tap and drill sizes, hardness conversion, material density and yield strength; automotive references like tire size conversion and lug nut torque; and kitchen references like coffee-to-water ratios. We add new charts as the calculator library grows.

How to use them with the calculators

Charts are for fast lookups; calculators are for working a specific problem. Reach for a chart when you just need a number — the right drill bit for a 1/4-20 tap, the ampacity of 12 AWG wire, the Vickers equivalent of 45 HRC. When you need to apply that number to your own dimensions, loads or quantities, each chart links straight to the calculator that does the math. The two are meant to be used together.

How we keep them accurate

Every value is pulled from the same formulas and standards our calculators use, not copied from random web sources. Where a chart follows a published standard — ASCE load tables, ASTM hardness conversions, SAE torque specs — we note the basis so you can verify it. If a value ever looks off, the feedback link at the foot of every page comes straight to us.

Reference charts FAQ

Are these charts free to use?

Yes. Every chart on Formula Factory is free to view, use on mobile, and print. There is no sign-up and no paywall.

What is the difference between a chart and a calculator?

A chart is a fixed lookup table — you scan it for a value. A calculator takes your inputs and computes a result. Each chart links to its matching calculator for when you need to run your own numbers.

Can I print these charts?

Yes. The tables are built to print cleanly, which makes them handy to keep at a workbench, in a shop, or in the kitchen.

Can I suggest a chart you are missing?

Absolutely. Use the feedback link at the foot of any page to request a chart or flag a value, and it comes straight to us.

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